Vocabulary
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| 研究 研究 | research; a study; to research; to look into | |
| 自 自 | self; oneself; from; since; naturally; surely | |
| 以及 以及 | as well as; too; and | |
| 是否 是否 | whether (or not); if; is or isn't | |
| 系统 系統 | system | |
| 曾 曾 | once; already; ever (in the past); former; previously; (past tense marker used before verb or clause) | |
| 处 處 | to reside; to live; to dwell; to be in; to be situated at; to stay; to get along with; to be in a position of; to deal with; to discipline; to punish | |
| 对于 對於 | regarding; as far as (sth) is concerned; with regard to | |
| 之前 之前 | before; prior to; ago; previously; beforehand | |
| 甚至 甚至 | even; so much so that | |
| 关于 關於 | pertaining to; concerning; with regard to; about; a matter of | |
| 之间 之間 | (after a noun) between; among; amid; (used after certain bisyllabic words to form expressions indicating a short period of time, e.g. 弹指之间) | |
| 作为 作為 | one's conduct; deed; activity; accomplishment; achievement; to act as; as (in the capacity of); qua; to view as; to look upon (sth as); to take sth to be | |
| 此 此 | this; these | |
| 选择 選擇 | to select; to pick; choice; option; alternative | |
| 无 無 | not to have; no; none; not; to lack; un-; -less | |
| 了解 了解 | to understand; to realize; to find out | |
| 之后 之後 | after; behind; (at the beginning of a sentence) afterwards; since then | |
| 却 卻 | but; yet; however; while; to go back; to decline; to retreat; nevertheless; even though | |
| 而 而 | and; as well as; and so; but (not); yet (not); (indicates causal relation); (indicates change of state); (indicates contrast) | |
| 万里长城 萬里長城 | the Great Wall | Idiom |
| 年复一年 年復一年 | (idiom) over the years; year after year | Idiom |
| 你追我赶 你追我趕 | friendly one-upmanship; to try to emulate | Idiom |
| 亲 親 | parent; one's own (flesh and blood); relative; related; marriage; bride; close; intimate; in person; first-hand; in favor of; pro-; to kiss; (Internet slang) dear | Xiehouyu |
| 输 輸 | to lose; to be beaten; (bound form) to transport; (literary) to donate; to contribute; (coll.) to enter (a password) | Colloquialism |
| 整 整 | exactly; in good order; whole; complete; entire; in order; orderly; to repair; to mend; to renovate; (coll.) to fix sb; to give sb a hard time; to mess with sb | Colloquialism |
| 血 血 | blood; colloquial pr. [xiě] | Colloquialism |
| 管 筦 | to take care (of); to control; to manage; to be in charge of; to look after; to run; to care about; tube; pipe; woodwind; classifier for tube-shaped objects; particle similar to 把 in 管...叫 constructions; writing brush; (coll.) to; towards | Colloquialism |
| 大桥 大橋 | Da Qiao, one of the Two Qiaos, according to Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the two great beauties of ancient China | Proper Noun |
| 内蒙古 內蒙古 | Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, capital Hohhot | Proper Noun |
| 古城 古城 | ancient city | Proper Noun |
| 甘肃 甘肅 | Gansu Province, capital Lanzhou | Proper Noun |
| 蒙古 蒙古 | Mongolia | Proper Noun |
| 厦门 廈門 | Xiamen, sub-provincial city in Fujian Province | Proper Noun |
| 明朝 明朝 | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) | Proper Noun |
| 都城 都城 | capital city | Proper Noun |
| 明代 明代 | the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) | Proper Noun |
| 苏州 蘇州 | Suzhou, prefecture-level city in Jiangsu Province | Proper Noun |
| 李白 李白 | Li Bai (701-762), famous Tang Dynasty poet | Proper Noun |
| 西北部 西北部 | northwest part | Proper Noun |
| 宋代 宋代 | Song dynasty (960-1279) | Proper Noun |
| 黄龙 黃龍 | Huanglong county in Yan'an, Shaanxi | Proper Noun |
| 平桥 平橋 | Pingqiao District of Xinyang City, Henan | Proper Noun |
| 美的 美的 | Midea (brand) | Proper Noun |
| 太平洋 太平洋 | Pacific Ocean | Proper Noun |
| 阳关 陽關 | Yangguan or Southern Pass on the south Silk Road in Gansu, 70 km south of Dunhuang 敦煌 | Proper Noun |
| 元代 元代 | the Yuan or Mongol dynasty (1279-1368) | Proper Noun |
| 断桥 斷橋 | The Broken Bridge (at West Lake in Hangzhou) | Proper Noun |
| 村子 村子 | village | Proper Noun |
| 春秋 春秋 | Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC); Spring and Autumn Annals, chronicle of Lu State (722-481 BC) | Proper Noun |